To Andover men football is the king of games, and to make the eleven is the crowning glory of a boy's athletic career. Other sports are interesting, even exciting; but there is no sensation which can equal that which comes when the exertion of every last ounce of power has pushed the ball over the goal line or when some Daly or Mahan has eluded the tacklers and is off down the field for a touchdown. It happens, too, that Phillips Academy has always excelled in football, and that a considerable number of her "old boys" have been ranked among the finest players of their time.

Some form of football was popular in the school long before the Civil War. A match is recorded between the Senior class of 1856 and the Middlers for the possession of a trophy --- a wooden horn decorated lavishly with paint. The game, which was played in the rear of Bartlet Hall, was won by '56, whose team was headed by Othniel C. Marsh, afterwards the famous paleontologist. "Uncle Sam" and Mr. Fenn, of the Faculty, were present, and the latter made a congratulatory speech. After the contest was over a cold lunch was served, and the heroes of the day were called upon for a "few words."

Some idea of the unsystematized and haphazard nature of these games may be gathered from a description by Cornelius L. Kitchel of a typical football contest in 1857. After an early supper the boys usually gathered back of the Seminary buildings in a field which was covered with small boulders and ornamented here and there with sharp, rocky ledges of interest rather to geologists than to sportsmen. Here two of the leaders would "choose up sides." In the beginning there would be perhaps only twenty-five or thirty on a team, but the numbers would gradually increase until seventy or eighty players were facing a group of approximately equal size.

The side to which either gave the ball always went out to the far end of the field, faced back again towards the Seminary, and deputed one of their number to "raise" the ball; that is, kick it from a well-selected place on the ground, high and far over towards the ranks of the opponents, ranged say two or three hundred feet before them .... Football was then foot ball, and not hand ball or arm ball, as chiefly now. It was not fair to catch or hold the ball, and it was dead the moment it was held, as it was also if it went out of bounds on either side. Then it had to be "umpired," as the term was. The fellow who held the ball tossed it up straight as might be into the air; both sides crowded thick about him "on side," ready to smite it with fist, or beat it down, or gain any advantage. Then mighty was the struggle. The heaviest and stoutest, who nowadays would be the rush line, but fifty or sixty of them, leaped and pushed and struggled and struck towards the ball. Back of them the lighter and fleeter men, who would play half-back now, waited eagerly if by chance the ball were dashed near them.

The ball in those days was round, not oval. The goals were simply the stone walls at the two ends of the long field. Playing "off side," which was not considered good sportsmanship, was known as "peanutting." Mr. Kitchel has some interesting comments on certain features of this older branch of the game: --

To a modern football player this may all seem unscientific and barbarous. Largely the game was undeveloped, to be sure, but the opposing sides were by no means mere mobs. The center, the guards, the tackles, the ends, and the backs were all there, only more of them and unnamed as yet, but doing their work respectively in no mean way. Two advantages must be admitted over the present game. The attack was then on the ball and not, as now, upon the player so largely, and so the brutal element and the dangerous element were pretty much eliminated. And second, the whole school could play, and have the pleasure and benefit of it. Now it is twenty-two men who play, and the multitude look on; then it was the multitude that played and the twenty-two or less who looked on.

On November 20, 1865, the Trustees voted to transform the open space between the two rows of "Commons" into a playground, and some necessary grading was begun. On this Campus football was being played when Dr. Bancroft became Principal. Intercollegiate football had as yet hardly started. The first Harvard Football Club was organized December 6, 1872, and the Harvard-McGill game in 1874 was the first intercollegiate Rugby contest ever held in the United States. Harvard and Yale first met in football in 1875. In that same fall a boy named Thomas W. Nickerson, who had learned something of Rugby while at school in Boston, came to Phillips Academy, taught his comrades the rules, and formed an eleven, of which he was both captain and coach. After some practice this crude team arranged a match with Adams Academy at Quincy, and were defeated, although Nickerson played well and made Andover's only touchdown.

Although Nickerson left in 1876, the sport was now well established, and in that autumn two games were played, the first of which, with the Harvard Freshmen, was an overwhelming defeat for Andover. The story of the second game, played at Quincy against Adams Academy, has some interesting features. After being escorted to the station by "Mr. Scranton," the Chairman of the Football Committee, the eleven left Andover on the 9.25 train, and, after reaching Boston, went direct to the Parker House, where shortly before noon they ate an enormous dinner. The game was called at three o'clock, with five hundred spectators present. Three half-hour periods were played, Andover getting a touchdown in the first and a goal in the third, while Adams made no score. After the contest the Adams eleven invited the Phillips men to a "handsomely-prepared supper," in the course of which the Principal of the rival school entered and made a very polite speech. Meanwhile the news of the victory, which had been telegraphed at once to Andover, was followed there by the ringing of bells and the making of preparations for receiving the heroes.

When the train came in, the "fish-horns" were perfectly deafening. The players were instantly carried on the shoulders of their friends from the train to a wagon. Not one was allowed to touch his foot to the platform of the depot. Then the procession started up Main Street, where, in front of the post-office, three rousing cheers were given. When the line reached Love Lane [now Locke Street], it of course turned down and continued till it came to School Street, and then turned up through the Abbot Academy grounds; then to the Principal's house, where cheers were indulged in by the students in general, to which he replied with the laconic speech of "Oh, boys, you did nobly." Then the parade proceeded to the Mansion House, where Captain Bliven was called upon for a speech.

After this phase of the jubilation was over Scranton invited the eleven and the substitutes into the Mansion House for a bountiful supper which had been prepared for the emaciated athletes. There, when they had done justice to their third huge meal since eleven o'clock, the players managed to edify one another with a few more speeches and then retired. This, the first account of a celebration which can be discovered, shows how many of the now well-established traditions sprang into being. Only a bonfire and a band were lacking to make the affair like a celebration forty years later.

Encouraged by this success, the Football Committee in the fall of 1877 sent a challenge to Exeter, but no game could be arranged on such short notice. Four other contests, however, were scheduled, of which Andover captured only one, that against the Tufts Freshmen. The expenses of the team, about $125, were met by subscription, no admission being charged to the games. The players used the old suits that had been worn by the eleven of the previous year.

Football history at Andover really opens on Saturday, November 2, 1878, when the Exeter eleven, accompanied by about eighty student supporters, came to Andover for the first football contest between the schools. The game was played in two periods of 45 minutes called "three-quarters"; in the first Andover made four touchdowns, in the second one touchdown and one goal. The Exeter team, which had never played a match game up to that time, did not score. The primitive nature of the game is indicated by the fact that at one point proceedings were interrupted by a spirited cane rush between '80 and '81. Each team was made up of six "Rushers," three "Half- Tends," and two" Tends." The stars of the Andover eleven were Frank Parsons, the captain; F. W. Rogers, one of the "Tends" or "Backs"; Corwith, a "Half-Tend," who, according to the Essex Eagle, "especially distinguished himself by his running and dodging"; and P. T. Nickerson, a brother of the Nickerson of '76, who made two of the five touchdowns. In this year the members of the team wore canvas jackets, which proved to be of great advantage to them. The Exeter eleven were entertained by the Andover team at lunch, and after the game the Exeter men were given a dinner at "Hatch's" and then escorted politely to the station. The Andover boys then, according to the Phillipian, "gave vent to their feelings by drawing the eleven around to the houses of the teachers and extracting a speech or cheer from every one." The Exeter correspondent of the Phillipian wrote shortly after: ---

The football eleven returned from Andover in good spirits, sorry of course that they had been defeated, yet with a high appreciation of the entertainment they had received from the Andover eleven.

The days of abnormal absorption in athletics had not yet arrived, and it was necessary to use extra efforts in order to arouse enthusiasm. The first number of the Phillipian contains a plea for better support from the school: --

Every student in an academy like this should be interested in athletic sports. The very scholarly student often makes the excuse that he don't understand the games, and really has not time for them. And so the physical sports are left to a certain class, who, while they are perfectly willing to incur all the expense, are obliged too frequently to resort to the subscription list or hat-passing.

The failures of the season of 1879 were attributed by the captain, P. T. Nickerson, to "disinterestedness [sic] and laziness." In a contribution to the Mirror he volunteered several suggestions: --

No one should be a member of the eleven unless he be willing to train, and appear five afternoons of the week for practice. Class games should be played. There should be players trained to such a degree of perfection that any vacancy could be filled at a moment's notice. Above all, drop kicking should be practiced unceasingly.

In 1880 the names of the positions were somewhat modified: on Captain Howard's team of that year there were six "Forwards" or "Rushers," one "Quarter-Back," two "Half-Backs," and two "Backs." In 1882 the places differed very little from those to-day: seven "Rushers," a "Quarter-Back," two "Half-Backs," and one "Back" or "Full-Back."

In 1881 the Andover rooters were at last permitted to accompany their team to Exeter, and over two hundred of them saw Captain "Sam" Bremner and his men, in a heavy downpour of rain, win out with a goal and a touchdown to nothing. On the eleven of the next year, 1882, the most brilliant player was "Kid" Wallace, who won a well-deserved reputation as a plunging half-back. When he came to Phillips Academy, he was a hollow-chested youngster, nervous, and averse to sport; Frank Dole, however, induced him to take boxing lessons, awakened his interest in athletics, and developed him into a famous football player. The Exeter game, after having been once postponed because of bad weather, was finally held on a field which had been cleared by the boys of three inches of snow; Andover again won, three touchdowns to nothing.

The team for 1883, which won from Exeter, 17 to 6, and did not lose a game throughout the season, owed its success largely to its captain, D. E. Knowlton. The Phillipian said of him: --

Many an afternoon this fall there would have been no practice game unless our captain had gone after his men personally. This is no small strain on a man's energy; but besides this he has to make all the arrangements for games, and, of course, is more or less worried about the games and matters in general.

One of the "Rushers" on this famous eleven was "Billy" Odlin, who afterwards organized football at Dartmouth. Odlin was a remarkable kicker, and, while at Andover, once made a placed kick for a field goal from the center of the field --- an extraordinary feat under any circumstances. Odlin was captain at Andover for both 1884 and 1885. In 1884 his eleven, largely because of the remarkable kicking of Cullinane, quite unexpectedly defeated Exeter, 11 to 8. In 1885 Exeter won on her home grounds, 29 to 11, and Andover's lean years had begun.

On the 1886 team were "Billy" Graves, son of Professor Graves, as full-back, and Cecil K. Bancroft, the "Doctor's" eldest son, as quarter-back, with "Joe" Dennison as captain. The Exeter game, played in a disagreeable windy drizzle on a muddy field, ended in an inglorious defeat for Andover. Exeter's quarter-back outwitted his opponents by taking advantage of the rules and running back ten yards when his team had not made the necessary distance; in this way he retained the ball for Exeter. The Phillipian, in a mood of peevish despondency, could not restrain its irritation: --

In our recent contests with Exeter we have been unpleasantly surprised to find that our opponents' tactics have savored strongly of professionalism, and while we cannot but praise the strong, intelligent work of their representatives, we are forced to condemn the unscrupulous trickery to which they resorted for the accomplishment of their ends.

The irregular methods of training used in 1886 aroused the students, and in 1887 the team for the first time had a coach, S. K. Bremner, captain of the victorious team of 1881, who contributed his services. Exeter, however, had an eleven which included Lee Me-Clung and Harding, and against this clever combination Andover seemed helpless. For the third successive year Exeter, as "Bill" Edwards says, "carried home the bacon."

In 1888 Andover had, in its turn, a group of spectacular players, including "Pop" Bliss as captain, "Laurie" Bliss, his brother, "Lou" Owsley as quarterback, and "Big" Coxe as guard. The Exeter game took place in a heavy rain; just before the end of the first half "Pop" Bliss received the ball from his brother "Laurie" on a criss-cross play, then little understood, and ran through the Exeter defense for a touchdown. When another touchdown was made in the second half, the Andover boys went wild, and the celebration that evening let loose the pent-up enthusiasm of three painful years. The spell of what the "Doctor" called "chronic defeat" was at last broken.

The unfortunate baseball fracas in the spring of 1889 prevented a football game with Exeter in the following autumn, and the two schools did not again meet on the gridiron until 1890. On Andover's eleven was the famous Frank Hinkey, who has been called "the greatest end that was ever on a field" and who later captained Yale in her memorable contest with Harvard at Springfield in 1894. Odlin, who had finished his course at Dartmouth, returned to Andover as coach, and Captain Townsend's team closed the season with a victory over Exeter, 16 to 0. Once more the "roosters" appeared on the front page of the Phillipian. At the 1891 game, played at Exeter, over eight hundred Andover supporters were present, and tally-hos, gayly decked with flaunting blue and white ribbons, carried parties of students from the Exeter Station to the field. Fortunately the eleven realized the hopes of its backers and won handily, 26 to 10. The situation was reversed in the following year, however, when the team lost nine of its thirteen games, including the Exeter contest. On the Andover eleven, besides Captain W. B. Hopkins, were several players who later won national reputations: "Fred" Murphy, Louis Hinkey, "Jim" Rodgers, and "Eddie" Holt.

GAMES ON THE CAMPUS

THE PHILLIPS CLUB, FORMERLY THE TREASURER'S OFFICE

"Jim" Rodgers, captain at Yale in 1897, was in 1893 a boy of seventeen with long hair of a very light shade, which made him conspicuous on the field. It was when he was captain at Andover that the most serious of the breaks with Exeter took place. In the annual contest, which was held at Exeter on November 11, the Exeter team, which was unusually heavy, won from Andover, 26 to 10, chiefly through the marvelous running of her half-back, "Pooch" Donovan, and his team-mate, Smith. It was commonly asserted on that day, and soon proved beyond reasonable doubt, that at least two of the Exeter players had been professional athletes. On November 27, after the facts became known, the Andover undergraduate body voted unanimously to postpone indefinitely all further contests with Exeter. Relations were not resumed until the fall of 1896.

During this period of three years games were scheduled between Andover and Lawrenceville. The results, however, were not altogether satisfactory. Lawrenceville was well qualified to be a rival of Andover; indeed Andover was defeated by her in three successive seasons. But the distance was too great to allow all the members of the visiting school to attend the contests, and, as a result, it was difficult to maintain enthusiasm among the students. "Bill" Edwards describes with great glee the game in 1894, when he, a Lawrenceville boy, played against Andover. "Eddie" Holt, Andover's giant guard, towered above all the members of his team, and, aided by "Johnnie" Barnes, the quarter-back, made spectacular rushes. The Lawrenceville eleven, however, recovered from their alarm, and soon showed their superiority; they won decisively, 22 to 6. In the following year Edwards played against "Doc" Hillebrand, who was later a great athlete at Princeton. Towards the end of the game, which was held at Lawrenceville, the score was. 12 to 6 in favor of the home team. Goodwin, who had made Andover's first touchdown, then carried the ball down the field for a second one. Everything centered on the attempt at a goal. If Butterfield, Andover's half-back, could succeed, the score would be a tie. His kick went over the posts to the right, and the referee shouted out "Goal! ' After consulting with the umpire and the linesmen, however, he changed his decision, and the Andover men had to go home disappointed.

Early in the fall of 1896, after some preliminary correspondence between Dr. Bancroft and Principal Amen of Exeter, the question of renewing relations with Exeter was brought up and referred to the Athletic Advisory Committee. At a conference held a few weeks later in Haverhill an agreement was drawn up between the two academies, providing for a strict enforcement of the rules against professionalism. This arrangement was gratifying to both schools, for they are natural rivals, like Harvard and Yale, and the situation for the preceding three years had been unsatisfactory. Captain Barker's team in this season contained several fine players, including Shirley Ellis, the right guard, Pierson, the center, and Frank Quinby, the quarter-back. This eleven won the Exeter game decisively, 28 to 0, but was beaten by Lawrenceville.

Perley Elliot's team in 1897 was defeated by Exeter in a heartbreaking contest, in which Andover, after eighteen points had been run up against her, seemed to take new life and pushed the ball steadily through her opponents for two touchdowns and a safety, only to have time called when she was apparently on the road to victory. A week later the eleven had their long-delayed revenge on Lawrenceville by winning from her, 44 to 4. On the team in this year was Ralph Davis, afterwards an all-American player at Princeton, who was captain at Andover in 1899, when, with an eleven made up of such men as "Dutch" Levine, Ralph Bloomer, "Charlie" Rafferty, and "Doggie" Collins, he defeated "Jim" Hogan's Exeter team, 17 to 0. In 1900, however, Hogan "came back," and won from Andover, 10 to 0.

The well-known "Pa" Corbin, who came to Andover in 1901 to assist Shirley Ellis in coaching, was given an appointment in 1902 as regular coach, and served through the season of 1904. The team of 1902, headed by "Jack" Cates, defeated an Exeter eleven weighing on the average ten pounds more to a man; but in the two following seasons Andover was badly beaten. In 1905 Dr. John O'Connor, of Dartmouth, was engaged as coach, and under him and his successor, W. Huston Lillard, Andover won eight consecutive victories over her rival --- an extraordinary record to those who realize how strong the Exeter elevens were during that period. In those eight years Andover scored 109 points to Exeter's 11. The games are too near our own time to need description. Fred Daly's eleven of 1906, on which were such players as Kilpatrick, "Bob" Fisher, "Bob" McKay, and "Tony" Haines (one of the longest kickers ever on an Andover team), was exceptionally strong. So also was the famous team of 1911, captained by Van Brocklin, on which were "Eddie" Mahan, "Pete" Fletcher, "Red" Brann, and other noted players. One incident which will be long remembered was "Rib" Porter's goal from the field in 1909, which won an exceptionally close contest for his team.

Concerning the four years following 1912 Andover men prefer to be uncommunicative, for they were marked by victories for Exeter --- victories the first three of which were so overwhelmingly decisive that "old grads" almost wept to read of them. It is small consolation to be reminded that of the thirty-six games played since 1878 Andover has won nineteen to Exeter's fifteen, two contests having been "ties."

So many players on Andover elevens have won fame either at Phillips Academy or at college that it is almost a hopeless task to select a few for special mention. There is a small group, like Frank Hinkey, '91; "Laurie" Bliss, '91; Fred T. Murphy, '93; "Doc" Hillebrand, '96; Ralph Davis, '99; Pierson, '99; Fred Daly, '07; and "Eddie" Mahan, '12, who were such giants in their day that they must be placed on a mythical "all-Andover" line-up. Worthy to be classed with these heroes are several others, such as "Kid" Wallace, '84; "Billy" Odlin, '86; Vance McCormick, '91; "Jim "Rodgers, '94;" Eddie "Holt, '94; "Tommy" Thompson, '05; "Eddie" Dillon, '05; and "Ham" Andrus, '06. Even with these additions, however, the list is far from complete. We cannot omit the Nickerson brothers, "Fred" Rogers, and "Chummy" Eaton in the "seventies." In the "eighties," too, there were many stalwart backs and linemen: D. E. Knowlton, captain of the undefeated team of 1883; George Carter, W. H. King, and Cullinane of '85; "Billy" Graves, '87; L. D. Mowry, '89, afterwards at Princeton; "Pop" Bliss and "Joe" Upton, '89; and "Tommy" Cochran, '90. Captain Townsend, '91, afterwards went to Williams, where he distinguished himself by going into the line-up against Dartmouth when, with a temperature of 105°, he was in the early stages of typhoid fever. Among others in the "nineties" were "Jim" Knapp, '92; "Louie" Hinkey, "Dick" Armstrong, and W. B. Hopkins, '93; "Jim" Greenway and "Johnnie" Barnes, '96; Shirley Ellis and Frank Quinby, '99; Wilhelmi, '99; Rafferty, Bloomer, and Butkiewicz, '00. Many players since 1900 are not likely to be soon forgotten: Kinney, Matthews, Leavenworth, "Dutch" Levine, "Doggy" Collins, Veeder, "Tony" Haines, "Jack" Cates, Bartholomew, Kilpatrick, "Hennie" Hobbs, "Dutch" Schildmiller, "Bob" McKay, "Bob" Fisher, Fred J. Murphy, "Rib" Porter, Van Brockiin, "Pete" Fletcher, "Sid" York, "Chub" Sheldon, Trevor Hogg, "Mac" Baldrige --- but the list is almost interminable. Some men, also, like Robert E. Speer, '86, and S. F. B. Morse, '03, showed no particular ability on Andover teams,

ATHLETICS in Phillips Academy mean far more than the yearly struggles with Exeter. The good old doctrine of "sport for sport's sake" has always been part of the academic gospel, and boys are led to stretch their muscles for sheer delight in physical exercise. It has been the ambition of the school to arouse in the undergraduates a love for games, not so much for the victory which may be won although it would be hypocrisy to pretend that success is undesirable --- as for the pleasure of matching skill against skill, brawn against brawn. To this end there should be games of every sort, for the strong, for the agile, for the swift --even for the feeble and the clumsy. Schools, within the last half-century, have learned that the care of the body is an essential part of education.

After the "stone shell of a building" on Chapel Avenue was given to Professor Stowe as a home, the "theologues" and the "cads" had a gymnasium in common in a large wooden structure in the rear of the Seminary, which was scantily equipped with apparatus. Samuel W. Abbot in 1853 received a ticket entitling him to the privileges of the "Phillips Gymnasium." In presenting this card to the school many years later, Dr. Abbot wrote: --

To the daily use of this Gymnasium in 1853-54 I have been wont to attribute improved health while at Andover and years afterward in a constitution not naturally robust.

On July 4, 1865, the Trustees, after the burning of the Stone Academy, resolved that, when the new Main Building was finished, the old "Brick Academy" should be fitted out as a gymnasium. Within a year they appropriated $1000 for this purpose, and engaged Sereno D. Gammeli to act as Teacher of Gymnastics. On February 14, 1867, "Uncle Sam" announced that the new Gymnasium would be open that evening: Seniors were to come at 4.50 o'clock, Middlers at 5.25, and Juniors at 8 in the morning. The first floor was arranged for four bowling alleys; the gymnasium appliances were placed on the second floor, at the north end of which ran a low gallery.

In this gymnasium the equipment was meager and the apparatus was inadequate and poorly kept. As exercise was not compulsory, the work there, after the initial enthusiasm had died out, was usually desultory and confined chiefly to rainy afternoons. Nevertheless instructors were employed, and a few boys derived considerable benefit. Boxing, especially in the seventies and eighties, became popular, and Frank Dole, the boxing-master, had many pupils. Mr. McCurdy and Professor Coy had many bouts, and on one occasion the latter appeared in the classroom with his features somewhat damaged. Once when two boys were disputing in Coy's recitation room, he suddenly came in, opened a drawer in his desk, took out a set of gloves, and told the wranglers to fight it out.

In the fall of 1878, or possibly before, the students began to become interested in track games. There was then no running-track and the contests in sprinting and jumping had to be held down the Elm Walk on the Theological Campus. Little real excitement was developed, however, and contemporary comments show that the "tournament" was treated as a humorous diversion. At about this period, also, winter "tournaments" in the Gymnasium were started. That of March 5, 1884, was reported by the Phillipian to be "excellent." The spring outdoor "tournament" in 1885 offered a varied list of events: 100 yards dash, kicking football, sack race, 220 yards dash, potato race, throwing baseball, standing long jump, slow bicycle race, mile run, throwing the hammer, three-legged race, running high jump, and tug of war. The shot-put had to be omitted because the shot could not be found. The Phillipian was amused because the mile run was held over a course which was up a hill on part of each lap.

It was natural that the next step should be a "tournament" with Exeter, and such a match might have been arranged in 1888 if it had not been for the fact that Andover, without either a board track or a cinder path for practice, felt herself poorly equipped for meeting her rival. Mr. George D. Pettee, a young instructor much interested in track sports, offered in 1888 a silver cup to the winner of a cross-country run. In the following spring he succeeded in arranging for a meet with Exeter, to be held at Exeter on the same day as the tennis tournament. The Andover mile runners practiced daily on the "old turnpike," and the sprinters hardened their muscles by walks around the Campus. Under the circumstances Andover did extraordinarily well to carry off first places (the only ones to count) in six out of the nine events. The records of Phillips Academy as published May 25, 1889, show that much training was needed: running broad jump, 18 feet, 7 inches; 16-pound shot, 32 feet, 6 inches; pole vault, 8 feet, 6 inches; mile run, 5 minutes, 20 seconds; half-mile run (held by Yan Che, '80), 2 minutes, 45-1/2 seconds.

Meanwhile progress was being made towards a track. James C. Sawyer, now Treasurer of Phillips Academy, as manager of the football team of 1889 had cleared $450, an unusually large sum for those days, which, in the spring of 1890, was, by school vote, expended in work on a cinder path. Other sums, collected by subscription or received in donations, were also devoted to this purpose, and, on Monday, May 4, 1891, the track was formally opened, Mr. Pettee and Captain Townsend jogging around it at the head of the track squad. Its cost in all was $1134.88. On this new track, with a revised system of scoring which gave points to second and third places, Andover in 1891 defeated Exeter, 46 to 44. In the meet for 1892, held at Exeter, three records were broken by Andover men, Davis, the captain, doing the half-mile in 2 minutes, 4-2/5 seconds, which was then very fast time. Sheldon, of the Academy team, held at this date six of the school records.

Although track athletics are regarded as one of the "major sports," they have never aroused the intense excitement created by baseball and football. Meets with Exeter have regularly been held, except in the three years from 1894 to 1897, and in 1905, when a mild scarlet fever epidemic kept the Andover team from leaving town. An interesting situation developed in connection with the meet of 1906. It was announced at the time as being in favor of Exeter, 49 to 47, but a decision afterwards handed down in regard to a protested jump by one of Andover's representatives gave the victory to Andover, 48-1/2 to 47-1/2. This is probably the only occasion in the history of the two schools when a celebration for the same contest was held by both institutions. The Exeter jubilation was more spontaneous, but Andover had the satisfaction of laughing last.

Andover's records in track and field events compare favorably with those of most colleges. Prescott's mark in the broad jump, 23 feet, 3-3/4 inches, made in 1914, has never been equaled by a boy in a preparatory school. Schick, '01, has the distinction of holding the record of 21-1/5 seconds in the 220 yards dash and of 51 seconds in the 440 yards dash, as well as of being a joint holder, with Sumner, Bartholomew, and Burrill, of the time of 10 seconds in the century run. The distances in the shot-put and the hammerthrow still stand where they were set by "Ham" Andrus in 1906. The mark of 2 minutes, 32-2/5 seconds in the half-mile, made by W. T. Laing in 1895, is the only record set before 1900 which has not been surpassed.

In 1886 there was some discussion over the question of organizing a crew, and, after $400 had been subscribed, the Faculty finally consented to allow candidates to make use of the Lawrence Canoe Club on the Merrimack River. The Yale Boat Club, recognizing the wisdom of assisting to develop men for its own crew, contributed two eight-oar shells and one four-oar shell, and offered to provide a coach. During the winter term candidates trained assiduously in the gymnasium, and, in the spring, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons were devoted to practice. A concert given at the Town Hall in support of the project was well attended; but unfortunately no outside competition could be arranged, and the excitement, which had been somewhat artificially stimulated, died down nearly as rapidly as it had risen. Since then there has been intermittent talk of boating as different generations of boys have come to Andover; but the sport has never been resumed. There are several difficulties involved. As the distance to available water is considerable, the labor of training would be very great and would demand altogether too much time. There is the further consideration that outside activities at present probably occupy too many hours a week. Men, moreover, would be attracted into rowing at the expense of the other spring games, track athletics and baseball, and the teams would be much weakened. It is improbable that boating will ever be taken up seriously at Phillips Academy.

A tennis association which was formed in 1884 met with hearty support, especially from men who, without the peculiar qualities demanded for football and baseball, nevertheless wanted some game in which they might excel. The earliest tournament with Exeter was held October 15, 1884, at which time Fitch, of Andover, won the singles, the doubles going to Exeter. About twenty-five Andover" rooters" accompanied their representatives to Exeter, and a celebration was held in town on their arrival home. In 1885 the game was so well established that it was necessary to lay out new courts in front of the Main Building. In 1887 we learn that there were six grass courts in use: one of these was reserved for the team; the others were annually sold at auction to groups of students, who thus obtained exclusive use of them through the season: $30.75 was offered for the court in the best condition, and the entire five brought in $91.25. In 1888, after a special plea from the team, several dirt courts were constructed. In recent years the grass courts have been abandoned, and the Athletic Association now has twenty dirt courts available for the school. Tournaments are held every year with Exeter and other institutions. Boys play tennis, however, not because they are looking for glory, but because they enjoy the sport, and its value in giving recreation and pleasure is obviously very great.

The building of the new Gymnasium in 1902 turned the attention of the boys to basketball. A five was soon formed, and, in the first contest ever played by an Andover team, the Harvard Freshmen were defeated, 43 to 29. The season thus fortunately opened was continued without a defeat. In the following years Andover teams had some unusually successful seasons. Captain Snell's five in 1909 went through a schedule of twelve games, nearly all against strong opponents, and did not lose a game. In 1911, however, after a lean season in which student support was noticeably lacking, basketball as a competitive sport with other schools was abandoned. Interclass contests in basketball are still held, and there is some possibility that interest in it may be revived.

Hockey and swimming have, to a large extent, filled the place formerly occupied by basketball. Skating has always been popular in Andover, and cold winter afternoons have found Rabbit's Pond, Pomp's Pond, and Martin's Pond sprinkled with Phillips boys. As early as 1898 a hockey team was formed, although in that year the solitary game played resulted in a defeat by Technology. Since then the game has persisted against many difficulties: the Andover climate is so uncertain that a thaw is likely to come at any moment; the school has as yet no covered rink, and a snowstorm usually means that the ice will be spoiled; and there are no convenient places where spectators can gather to watch a contest. So desirable is it that hockey should not be given up that the Athletic Association is making a strenuous effort to secure a covered rink; when this is obtained, hockey will be put upon a new basis.

Swimming, especially since the construction of the pool in 1911, has attracted large numbers of boys during the winter. Under the direction of a remarkably efficient coach, Alec Sutherland, the Andover swimming teams have made some notable performances. In 1914 the relay "four" broke the world's interscholastic record for 200 yards, covering the distance in 1 minute, 45-4/5 seconds. In the same season Andover won from Harvard, Amherst, and Springfield Training School, as well as from several secondary institutions. Every student in Phillips Academy is obliged to learn how to swim.

At various periods in the last thirty years other sports have enjoyed temporary favor. A golf club, organized in the "nineties," provided recreation for teachers and townspeople as well as students, and a small clubhouse was erected overlooking Rabbit's Pond, where the members could gather on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. The course, however, was not particularly interesting, and the players, when they had attained some proficiency, preferred to seek longer holes and deeper sand-traps at Myopia or Brookline. In 1908 the links were given up, and golf enthusiasts in the school have now no solace except in practicing mashie shots on the Academy lawns.

A lacrosse association was formed as early as 1881, and the team played Harvard in the following spring; at intervals since that date, also, it has had a moderate popularity. To-day, however, it has been largely superseded by soccer, a game in which many boys take keen delight. Andover is quite able to hold her own in soccer with Harvard and Technology. The sport as yet does not arouse much excitement among the school at large, but it provides a game for boys who, too light for football, are nevertheless quick and dexterous. Chinese and Japanese students in particular have shown themselves exceedingly skillful. Cross-country running, wrestling, and gymnasium work have also their devotees; and those who are unfitted for any one of these numerous sports may join the "Hill and Dale Squad," and ramble about the Andover countryside. A rifle club, which has recently been organized for instruction in the use of the military rifle, has now an indoor range in the basement of Pearson Hall, and practices on various government ranges in the fall and spring.

It can readily be seen that physical exercise in Phillips Academy is certainly not confined to those who make the eleven or the nine. Even in the "nineties" various street teams, composed of men not on the Academy squad, were organized and played through an interesting schedule. In 1895, for instance, Latin Commons defeated Morton Street in the final game for the championship. Class contests have always been held, and, even when not taken very seriously, have kept the participants in the open air. In 1902, when Dr. Pierson S. Page came to Phillips Academy, it was still quite possible for an indolent and indifferent boy to avoid taking exercise. Dr. Page believed in compelling every student, not physically incapacitated, to participate regularly in some athletic sport suited to his abilities. This idea gradually won acceptance, until by 1906 even Seniors, who had previously claimed immunity, were obliged to submit. This highly beneficial reform made pointless the criticisms of those who had been maintaining that athletics in schools like Andover are for the few rather than for the many.

As the scheme is now in operation every boy in school, unless excused for good reasons, is given his choice of several sports: football, baseball, track athletics, tennis, soccer, cross-country, swimming, wrestling, gymnasium, or hill and dale. Those who fail to make Academy teams are lined up for class games. The Bulletin, commenting in 1906 on this system of compulsory athletics, said: --

A surprisingly large number of boys have heretofore held aloof from participating in school athletics, either from shyness or ignorance of the games, or from inertia. The results of the past few years are justifying the new requirement; the keen interest and pride in the school teams continue; but the overexcitement is lessened noticeably, and a saner, healthier participation in sports is growing throughout the school.

Those who can look back forty years have seen some striking changes in the facilities for athletics on Andover Hill. The playing-field which, in Dr. Taylor's time, had been laid out between the two rows of Commons buildings on what is now called the "Old Campus," was covered with stones and filled with holes. The land was originally marshy, and, after a downpour of rain, it resembled a bog. The class of 1881 originated a fund for the purpose of grading this area. In the summer of 1887 the ground was made fairly level by excavating huge boulders and shifting earth from one section to another, and a year later trenches were dug to carry off the water from the springs. In the fall of 1887, when this labor was going on, the football games were played on the meadow in the rear of the old Mansion House.

An old grandstand containing only a few seats was burned at a celebration in 1888, and in the following spring a new one was erected by a stock company which had been formed among the students by "Bert" Addis, "Al" Stearns, and "Jim" Sawyer. The 174 shares of stock issued sold for $2 apiece; and admission was charged to the stand. When this structure, according to agreement, reverted to the school in June, 1890, the stockholders received their money with a dividend of 54 cents.

In spite of the occasional improvements made on the Old Campus the field was constantly a subject for complaint, and the boys clamored every year for arrangements more suited to a great school like Phillips Academy. When, therefore, it was reported in 1900 that a new athletic field was being projected, the tidings aroused unbounded enthusiasm. In December of that year Mr. George Brown Knapp (1836-), who had recently been elected a member of the Board of Trustees, offered to the Academy the sum of $7650, subject to a life annuity, for purchasing land for a playing-field. Some twenty-five acres were secured to the east of Highland Road and south of Salem Street; the ground was marshy, --- indeed it had been used up to that time for a skating meadow in winter, --- but it was reasonably level and conveniently located, and it was believed that it could easily be drained and graded. "Brothers' Field," as it was called at Mr. Knapp's request in memory of the affectionate relations between his deceased brother, Arthur Mason Knapp,(1) and himself, was opened and dedicated at Commencement, 1903, with a presentation speech by the donor. As matters turned out, however, the project was much more expensive than had been anticipated. In 1901 Mr. Henry A. Morgan contributed the additional sum of $3000 for the purchase of another strip of land. Since that time the Athletic Association has been obliged to expend rather more than $30,000 in building grandstands, and in draining, leveling, and sodding the field. As it is now completed, Brothers' Field is perfectly arranged for athletic contests; it has a football gridiron and a baseball diamond, both for the use of the school teams; and there is a large amount of ground for practice in these and other sports. On the land still farther to the east a new cinder track and grandstand have been constructed, which were used first at the Andover-Exeter track meet in 1917.

Games are by no means confined to Brothers' Field. On the Old Campus, on the Main Campus, on the fields in the rear of Taylor Hall and Adams Hall, gridirons and diamonds are laid out at the proper season, and here interclass contests are held. On an autumn afternoon one may see on the Main Campus three football games and one soccer game going on at the same moment. The expanse is so broad that there is ample room for diversions of many sorts.

Before the close of Dr. Bancroft's administration a concerted effort had been made to raise money for a new Gymnasium. The building was made possible through the generous gift of $20,000 by Matthew Chaloner Borden (1842-1912), a Fall River manufacturer. This sum, added to other funds which had been collected, was quite sufficient for constructing what was described by Judge Bishop in 1903 as "the finest and most complete gymnasium possessed by any secondary school in the country." When the building was opened for use in the winter of 1902, the boys had at last what they had prayed for during two decades: a suitable place for indoor exercise, recreation, and bathing. The beautiful swimming-pool which was added to the Gymnasium in the form of a wing in 1911 was made possible through the enterprise of the boys themselves. In an active campaign extending over several years they raised among the student body and friends of the school a sum large enough to start the work, and the Trustees lent the remainder of the amount required. The entire cost was not far from $30,000.

THE BORDEN GYMNASIUM

BROTHERS' FIELD

The management of athletics in Phillips Academy has gone through various vicissitudes. In the beginning the initiative came from the boys, who, with only nominal supervision from the Faculty, raised and spent money, and controlled the different branches of sport. When baseball and football contests with Exeter and other schools were arranged, the business details were lodged in the hands of committees chosen by the student body. These committees, usually one for each sport, not only carried on all correspondence, but for some years actually selected the players and appointed the captain. In 1881, for instance, J. G. Roe, S. K. Bremner, and F. S. Mills formed the Football Committee. In the fall of 1885 a committee of three, after watching practice for two weeks, picked a team and posted the names. These players then elected a captain, "Billy" Odlin, from their own number. When the system of outside coaching was introduced, the scheme of committee management was abolished. The captain was elected by the members of the team of the year before, and he, in consultation with the coach, decided upon the players in the actual games.

An admission fee to games was first charged in 1886; until that time all expenses were borne by subscriptions taken up among the students. In 1887 the football subscriptions amounted to $495.50 and the gate receipts to only $89.20. From that date on, however, the cost of athletics increased very rapidly; in 1894-95, for instance, the cost of football alone was $9.012.14. The amount expended to-day is, of course, much larger.

Dr. Bancroft usually insisted on the wisdom of allowing the students to manage their own athletic interests; but the growing complexity and importance of athletics, and especially the difficulties which arose in connection with the breach between Andover and Exeter in 1889, convinced the Faculty that a somewhat tighter rein was needed. In 1892 a constitution was adopted placing all sports under the jurisdiction of a board, made up of the Graduate Treasurer, who was then Mr. Alfred L. Ripley, and the presidents of the four departmental branches of baseball, football, track, and tennis. In the following year this constitution was so amended as to make the chairman regularly a member of the Faculty. Under Mr. Archibald Freeman, the first chairman to be appointed, athletics were admirably directed. The make-up of the student section of the board was somewhat modified at various times; but Mr. Freeman continued to serve as responsible head until 1906. Managers still retained much more freedom than they have to-day, for they were allowed, without supervision, to arrange their own schedules, to solve their own financial problems, to conduct unaided most matters of detail; so long as a manager showed himself competent, he was permitted to go his own way. In real crises, of course, the Faculty asserted their power; but it was seldom that the Athletic Advisory Committee, as it came to be called, could not control a situation.

When Mr. Freeman resigned his chairmanship in 1906, the Trustees appointed as his successor Dr. Pierson S. Page, the Physical Director. Dr. Page, as we have seen, had already been successful in his plan of requiring every boy in Phillips Academy to take some form of physical exercise. As a help to this general plan he had also instituted in 1904 a scheme for compulsory physical examination, which made it possible for him to ascertain a student's bodily deficiencies and to take the proper steps towards remedying them. Dr. Page also centralized the management of the various branches of athletics, and organized the games so that teams from the different classes had satisfactory training and coaching.

The "new system" in athletics, adopted in 1911, was suggested in part by Mr. W. Huston Lillard, who was at that time acting both as teacher and football coach. To the great principle originated by Dr. Page, --- that every boy should be compelled to participate in outdoor games, --- Mr. Lillard added certain other features which were intended to lessen the notoriety then inflicted upon prominent "prep" school athletes and to decrease the emphasis which was placed on outside competition. Its essential points were these: that, after a series of interclass contests in which the teams should be coached by members of the Faculty, there should follow a short schedule of games with other institutions, and that candidates for the school team should be selected from the men who did best in these interclass competitions. Emphasis was laid particularly upon the decrease in the number of contests with outside teams, and upon the coaching by regular members of the Faculty. In practice the "new system" proved to have manifest defects, and it has subsequently been considerably modified, although Phillips Academy still adheres in part to the principles upon which it was based.

Andover men are proud of those shelves in the Gymnasium filled with trophies won on "diamond, field, and track." They like to gaze their fill on the long array of baseballs and footballs, each marked with the score of a victory over some rival and recalling so often a thrilling moment --- perhaps a time when the eleven held on their own five-yard line or when a single hit to center brought in the critical run. But it is Andover's chief athletic distinction that every boy joins in the game. The hours spent upon the playing-field make not only for sound bodies, but also for keen minds, for fearless and robust character. There can be no nobler educational ideal.

THE present Principal has said very often in public that Phillips Academy is no longer a "one-man school." To a large extent this is true. With a permanent body of teachers and a coherent policy of administration the daily routine business may be carried along for a considerable period without either complications or misfortunes. In another sense, however, the necessity of firm and unified leadership is greater than at any time since 1778. The problems which arise to-day are far more intricate, far more engrossing, than those faced by Dr. Pearson and Dr. Taylor. Mistakes in management are likely to be very costly. Some person, then, must meet criticism, make decisions, and bear responsibility. All this, and more, it is the function of the Principal to do.

The smooth, steady course of years under the kindly "Doctor" had almost lulled people into the belief that his administration might go on indefinitely. The shock of his death was particularly disturbing to those who felt the obligation of naming his successor. Once again Professor Graves, called upon to serve as Acting Principal, proved to be equal to the task. There was no change in methods, no alteration of rules, no relaxation of discipline. Improvements planned under Dr. Bancroft were carried on as if his mind had been there to direct them. The brick walls of the Gymnasium were steadily rising. The contract was let for the new athletic field, and the work of filling in the swampy hollow had begun. The old Brick Academy, which had been burned in 1896, was transformed into a dining-hall, and opened in 1902 with over two hundred students. A central heating-plant, with facilities for heating practically all the school buildings, was ready for use in December of that year. The progressive spirit which Dr. Bancroft had so typified was not to perish with him.

In reality the man for the office of Principal was close at hand. In the autumn of 1897 Alfred Ernest Stearns, Dr. Bancroft's nephew, had come to Phillips Academy, as teacher and director of athletics. Mr. Stearns, the son of a merchant in the East India trade, was born June 6, 1871, in Orange, New Jersey. One of his ancestors, Isaac Stearns, had sailed to America on the Arbella with the Reverend George Phillips in 1630. Two of his great-great-grandfathers, Jonathan French and Josiah Stearns, were members of the original Board of Trustees of Phillips Academy. His great-great-uncle, Dr. Jonathan French Stearns, was a founder of the Philomathean Society. His grandfather, Dr. William A. Stearns, President of Amherst College, was a graduate of Phillips Academy in the class of 1823. Mr. Stearns's relations with the school through family tradition were intimate and numerous.

Entering Phillips Academy in 1886, Mr. Stearns had graduated in 1890, the best athlete and the most popular man in his class. During part of his course he roomed with James C. Sawyer, the future Treasurer of the Trustees, with whom, by an extraordinary coincidence, he was later to be closely associated in directing the fortunes of the school. In Andover Mr. Stearns was foreman of the fire department, a member of K.O.A., an editor of the Phillipian, tennis champion, captain of the baseball team, and president of Philo. At Amherst, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1894, he continued to win honors in athletics, public speaking, and scholarship. He was the finest second baseman of his day in the college world, and refused several offers to spend a year or two in professional ball. After graduation, he taught for three years in the Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania. He then returned to Andover Hill, partly because he wished to pursue courses in the Theological Seminary, and partly because Dr. Bancroft had offered him some work in the Academy. For a few years, then, Mr. Stearns assisted in various capacities, as coach, registrar, instructor in history, and secretary to the Principal; indeed, during Dr. Bancroft's last vain struggle for health Mr. Stearns was his chief support and assumed voluntarily much of the onerous responsibility. In June, 1900, Mr. Stearns graduated from Andover Seminary; and on August 9 of the same year he married Miss Kate Deane, of Springfield, Massachusetts.

When Dr. Bancroft died, Mr. Stearns was only a few months over thirty years of age; but no one was more thoroughly acquainted than he with the school's peculiar difficulties. Under the tutelage of Dr. Bancroft he had learned some vital lessons regarding the administration of an institution like Phillips Academy. Mr. Stearns was, moreover, exceedingly popular with his colleagues on the Faculty, who, associated with him in work and play, had come to appreciate highly his judgment and tact. It was quite natural, then, that, in spite of his comparative youth, the Trustees should turn to him as a successor to the "Doctor." On June 17, 1902, they created the office of Vice-Principal, to which they at once elected Mr. Stearns. He accepted the position, and conducted the school through a year rendered exceptionally trying by the necessity of confronting some serious situations. His election as Principal, which came on May 23, 1903, was merely the substantial recognition of the confidence which he had won in his probationary year. A tribute paid to him at this time by his friend, President Day, sums up the contemporary opinion:---

His own personal force of character, after all, constitutes the best equipment of Mr. Stearns. While he has as yet made no special mark as a scholar, he has the scholarly instinct and judgment, and has already shown his ability to master present and solve the new problems which the changing conditions of preparatory school work are bringing to the front .... As a moral force, and a friend and guide of boys, and as a sincere and devoted Christian, Mr. Stearns is a rare man. He combines a firm hand, a warm heart, sincerity, tact, and finality of moral decision in an unusual degree. The more he rules, the better his students like to have him rule. He has a personal magnetism that wins and holds. The older men feel that, and the boys yield to it. It is a power born of truth to himself, and thus to his own experience and convictions.

The installation of Mr. Stearns as Principal happily coincided with the celebration of the one hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of Phillips Academy, which took place at Commencement, 1903. On this occasion the guest of honor was Sir Chentung Liang Cheng, then Minister Plenipotentiary from the Chinese Empire to the United States, who had been a student at Phillips Academy in the class of 1882. Although the day was rainy and inauspicious, the programme was carried out successfully in the recently completed Borden Gymnasium. The exercises concluded with the dedication of Brothers' Field.

The interesting events of the present administration, so familiar to all the younger graduates, need only recapitulation. Under Mr. Stearns Phillips Academy has been literally transformed. To the casual visitor, of course, the most significant changes are those connected with the rapid growth and expansion of the school. A brief summary of what has been accomplished will be suggestive and convincing. The Archaeology Building was completed and opened on April 23, 1903. Dr. Charles Peabody, of Cambridge, as representative of the donor, delivered an address, to which Judge Bishop, of the Trustees, responded. Mr. Stearns, Dr. Day, and Professor Putnam, of Harvard, also spoke. Mr. Warren King Moorehead was at this time installed as Curator of, the Department of Archaeology, and has since given it prestige by the expeditions which he has conducted and the volumes which be has published.

The erection of a fine modern building on this conspicuous corner made the demolition of the adjacent Commons buildings seem inevitable. The old Latin Commons, which presented an unsightly appearance along Phillips Street, were torn down, and the ground where they had stood was graded and sodded. By 1906, the English dormitories also had been sold, and the last one had been moved on rollers across the Old Campus to a new location, where it was to be used as a tenement. In the mean time more rooms were necessary for the school, and the Trustees took over the Brick House, the Farrar House, and the Eastman House in order to provide accommodations for the boys.

The disappearance of the Commons, however, was merely preliminary to a step of greater importance. For some years the attendance at Andover Theological Seminary had been steadily dwindling. It is probable that the ultimate effect of the heresy trials of the "eighties" had been to weaken public confidence in the institution; prospective theological students, moreover, saw broader opportunities in divinity colleges located in or near large cities. Shortly after 1900 even the professors realized that, unless the Seminary were to perish dismally of inanition, some radical change, either in policy or location, must be wrought. There were nearly as many instructors as there were pupils, and the large Seminary dormitories would have been almost deserted had it not been for the Academy boys who were allowed to fill up the empty rooms.

Of the many suggestions which were offered, the most sensible was the proposal to move the Seminary; and to this conclusion the Trustees had come as early as 1902. After consultation with President Eliot and the officers of the Harvard Divinity School, the Andover Trustees were able to perfect an arrangement by the terms of which the Seminary was to be removed to Cambridge, and affiliated with Harvard University, but to retain its identity, build and occupy its own lecture rooms and dormitories, preserve its separate funds and faculty, and grant its own degrees. Although there was some protest on sentimental grounds, a majority of the graduates of the Seminary were reported as being in favor of the proposed migration.

THE PROCESSION ON FOUNDERS' DAY, 1914

THE ARCHÆOLOGY BUILDING

The legal complications connected with the disentangling of the Seminary and the Academy were somewhat puzzling. By the terms of their respective constitutions, it will be remembered, the same Board of Trustees controlled both schools. In March, 1907, however, a bill was passed by the General Court and signed by the Governor creating a new and separate Board of Trustees for Andover Theological Seminary. At an early meeting of this newly incorporated body, held in Boston, May 1, 1907, the members voted to transfer the Seminary to Cambridge. Most of the members of the old Board now one by one resigned from the recently formed Seminary Board, and new members were elected to fill the vacancies; by this scheme the two bodies were, within a very short period, entirely distinct. By an extraordinary turn of fate the Seminary, which had been founded in 1808 mainly as a protest against Harvard and its Unitarianism, was now to return, exactly a century later, to be closely affiliated with the very institution which Eliphalet Pearson and Leonard Woods so much disliked and distrusted. From another point of view the step was the return of evangelical Congregational education for the ministry in Massachusetts to its ancient and original home, from which, in the opinion of many, it was a misfortune that it had ever been withdrawn. There was a true and high-minded sentiment in both views of the situation.

For Phillips Academy the transfer of the Seminary to Cambridge presented a glorious opportunity, but it also involved some uncomfortable financial problems. It was obvious that the school could not afford to lose the spacious Seminary plant, with its extensive grounds and fine old buildings. In anticipation of a plan for raising sufficient money to effect the purchase a bill was passed by the Legislature in 1905 permitting the Trustees to hold, in addition to the property which they then possessed, real and personal resources with an income up to $100,000. After a fair appraisement it was eventually agreed that the Seminary grounds on Andover hill, including Phillips Hall, Bartlet Chapel, Bartlet Hall, Brechin Hall, several residences, and over two hundred acres of land, should be sold to Phillips Academy for the sum of $200,000. At once a "Seminary Purchase Fund" was started, the object being to raise, not only the necessary $200,000, but also $50,000 additional for the remodeling of the buildings. Towards this fund Mr. Andrew Carnegie promised $25,000, whenever the balance, $25,000, should be paid over to the Trustees. Through the unremitting labor and personal solicitation of Principal Stearns and Treasurer Sawyer the amount grew rapidly. By April, 1909, the sum of $96,000 had been secured; a year later only $56,000 was needed to complete the purchase. In 1916, his conditions having been met, Mr. Carnegie paid his contribution of $25,000, and the final payment to the Seminary was made.

With the school year opening September 16, 1908, Phillips Academy entered upon what has proved to be almost a new era in its history. Bartlet Hall and Phillips Hall, renovated during the preceding summer, were put into use as dormitories for the boys. Bartlet Chapel, rechristened "Pearson Hall," had been remodeled in the interior as a recitation building. New walks had been laid across the Seminary Campus. An article in the Phillips Bulletin describes the change as it appealed to the editor's imagination: --

Phillips Academy no longer needs to point the inquiring stranger to its half-hidden buildings on side streets and alleys. With the beginning of the current school year the Academy enters upon a new and important chapter of its long and dignified history. To-day Andover Hill is Phillips Academy. Evidence of this fact is everywhere to be found. The lights twinkling by night from scores of windows in Bartlet and Phillips Halls; the shouts of a hundred boys scattered in play over the old Seminary Campus during recreation hours; the coming and going of classes in the new Pearson Hall, formerly Bartlet Chapel; all this, and more too, is confusing perhaps to the old alumnus who gazes for the first time upon the changed scene. But the significance of it all soon dawns upon him. This is the new Phillips, well equipped in buildings and grounds, unsurpassed in natural beauty of surroundings, capable of a larger and even more illustrious future.

Within two years more the removal of the Seminary books from Brechin Hall gave space for the location and expansion of a library which belonged to Phillips Academy alone; and it was not long before the school had its own librarian, for the first time in its period of existence. The ground floor of Brechin Hall was entirely rearranged, so that commodious offices were provided for the Principal, the Registrar, and the Treasurer, with their staff of assistants.

The acquisition of the Seminary land and buildings was especially important in that it was a further step towards the fulfillment of the dream of having all the boys live in Academy buildings. As rapidly as the necessary alterations could be made, several residences bought from the Seminary were made into "Faculty houses," with rooms for from five to twelve students, and quarters also for a married teacher and his family. These houses are intended particularly for younger boys who are not quite prepared for the freedom of dormitory life. In the summer of 1910 the Trustees were able to buy the large Williams residence on Phillips Street at a price so far below its actual value as to make it in part a gift from Professor Williams. "Williams Hall," as this was appropriately named, was turned into a dormitory for very young boys, who are here given especial care and attention. Williams Hall, unlike the other houses, has its own dining-room, and the students who live there must conform to special rules.

In the spring of 1910 the Trustees planned the erection of a new dormitory on land south of Bartlet Hall. Before the ground was broken, however, Mr. Melville C. Day, who had already done so much for Phillips Academy, offered to provide the $50,000 required on very liberal terms; his proposition was accepted, and the building, when finished in the fall of 1911, was called "Day Hall." A second dormitory, the funds for which were secured by selling notes of $500 each to alumni and friends of the school, was started in March, 1911, and completed so that it was ready for occupation in the autumn. This dormitory was named "Bishop Hall," in memory of Judge Robert R. Bishop, President of the Board of Trustees from 1900 to 1903. A third new dormitory, the money for which was furnished by Mr. Day, was opened in September, 1912, and was given the title of "Adams Hall, " in honor of Principal John Adams; and a fourth, also Mr. Day's gift, was ready in the autumn of 1913, at which time it was fittingly designated as "Taylor Hall," after Mr. Day's close friend, Professor John Phelps Taylor. Adams Hall and Taylor Hall differ from the other large dormitories in that they have apartments for married instructors, and are thus managed on the same general basis as the "Faculty houses." The architect of these dormitories, as of the Archaeological Building, and of substantially all the buildings and reconstruction of buildings since 1901, was Guy Lowell of Boston.

At Commencement in 1906 Mr. Stearns had made an earnest plea for new dormitories, in the course of which he had pointed out that Phillips alumni hesitated to send their sons to the Academy unless they knew that the boys could be located in a school building. Eight years later he was able to report that six large dormitories and nine "Faculty houses" had been added to the equipment, and that, day scholars excluded, all but about sixty of the students were living under the direct supervision of teachers. This comprehensive dormitory system has naturally been of incalculable service in promoting good order in the school and in eliminating many formidable disciplinary problems with which former Principals had to struggle. The relations between instructors and boys, moreover, have been very much bettered for a large part of the school; and the cost of education at Phillips Academy has been reduced.

Hardly was Taylor Hall, the last and most artistic of Mr. Day's gifts, completed when Mr. Day, who had been living for years in Florence, Italy, died in that city, December 29, 1913. In his will he bequeathed to Phillips Academy outright the sum of $300,000, and also made the school his residuary legatee. In the aggregate his donations to Phillips Academy amount to approximately $860,000.

Another phase of this general development was the opening of the Isham Infirmary on November 14, 1912. In Dr. Bancroft's day Phillips Academy had no facilities for treating sickness, and the Principal spent many an anxious night, apprehensive lest some epidemic might start among the boys. A student who happened to be ill was merely confined to his room, and, if he contracted a contagious disease, he was quarantined where he lived. Even with these disadvantages a remarkable record was made, for, during seventeen years of his administration, Dr. Bancroft was able to say that no Phillips student had died under his charge. Mr. Stearns soon resolved that a change must be brought about, and in 1908 the Track House was made into a temporary infirmary, where serious cases could be isolated and treated. Three years later Miss Flora Isham gave to the school $30,000 for an infirmary, in honor of her three nephews, all graduates of Phillips Academy. This building, which was constructed under the advice of expert physicians, has all modern hospital accessories, including a well-equipped operating-room and contagious wards; and the patients are under the care of a matron, who is also a trained nurse. The minor diseases which break out intermittently through the year are now easily controlled, and more serious troubles are referred to one of a group of eminent Boston medical men who serve as a kind of advisory board.

The old Brick House, an eyesore on the Hill, was torn down in 1912. Phillips Hall, found to be badly in need of repairs, was almost entirely rebuilt in 1912, at a cost of more than $18,000; and the interior of Bartlet Hall, partly destroyed by fire on the morning of December 8, 1914, was reconstructed so as to be safe from danger of fire. In 1910 the former Treasurer's Office on Main Street, left vacant when the administrative offices were moved to Brechin Hall, was given over to the Phillips Club, an organization consisting of instructors in the Academy and various interested townspeople. The clubrooms, which are the recognized headquarters for graduates on their return to the Hill, serve as a reading-room, and are decorated with autographs and photographs illustrating different phases of school life and history.

Many gifts in the form of scholarship endowments or prize funds or contributions to current expenses have been received during the last fifteen years. Of these it is impossible to speak in detail; but two gifts deserve special mention. The Phillips Gateway --erected by the sons and daughters of John Charles Phillips---was dedicated at Founders' Day, October 10, 1914, with an address by the Honorable William Phillips, of Washington, D.C. The Peabody House, built from the accrued income of the bequest of Robert Singleton Peabody, was formally opened on October 2, 1915. This is now the social center for the student body: it contains a grill-room in the basement; a reading-room on the street floor; and a large assembly-room upstairs, suitable for the meetings of school clubs and for lectures.

Mr. Stearns had been associated with Phillips Academy in the days of its poverty. It was now his good fortune to see it transformed --- changed into an institution with a plant unequaled by that of any secondary school, and surpassed by only a few colleges, in the United States. The material prosperity of the school during the years when he has been its head has been unparalleled in its history. The growth, so far as physical resources are concerned, has been more extensive in the last decade than in all the previous period from 1778 to 1907.

In his conduct of the school Dr. Stearns has built largely on the foundation laid by his predecessor; but he has also created definite policies of his own, which have reacted to the enduring benefit of the institution. One of the devices which have been most salutary in bringing teachers into more intimate touch with boys is the system of "division officers." Each officer --- a member of the Faculty --- is, at the opening of the year, placed in charge of a small group of undergraduates, usually not more than twenty, who are to be his especial care. It is his duty to learn something of their families, their peculiarities, their abilities in work or play, and their attainments. In Faculty meetings he acts as representative of the members of his group and is mainly responsible for whatever disciplinary action is taken regarding them; for, except under unusual circumstances, his judgment concerning his boys is taken as decisive. If the division officer is conscientious and sympathetic, he can exercise an important influence on those who are placed under him. The value of the scheme in practice depends, of course, principally on the energy and tact of the officer himself. Up to the present time it has proved highly successful.

During the early years of Dr. Stearns's administration the "Commons" boys, who were receiving aid from scholarships, were segregated to a considerable degree in certain buildings, such as Brick House, Clement House, and Draper Cottage. Many of them, older and more experienced than their classmates, took positions of leadership in the school; but, associating as they did largely with one another, they tended to become a powerful clique, the members of which expected concessions and constantly demanded special privileges. In this way, and in others also, a sharp distinction was often drawn between "Commons" men and the remainder of the undergraduate body; the resulting situation was in many respects the reverse of the boasted school democracy. The increase in the number of dormitories enabled Dr. Stearns to abolish the separate "Commons" houses and to place the scholarship boys here and there in dormitories all over the Hill, in rooms differing in no noticeable particular from those for which wealthier students paid comparatively large sums. Under this arrangement rich and poor boys were located along the same corridor, and mingled with one another as they had never done under the old policy of segregation. It was a surprise, even to the Principal, to observe how rapidly the "Commons" clique disappeared and how soon the readjustment was perfected. Democracy in Phillips Academy now means what it should mean --- that every student, once admitted, has the same opportunity as his fellows.

Dr. Stearns is the first Principal who has done no teaching while in office; but he has been keenly interested in methods of raising and maintaining the standard of scholarship. Through his influence several new prizes have been added to a list already long, and to-day at Commencement fully $2000 is distributed in prizes and prize scholarships. The names of those taking high honors in various courses are publicly announced at the close of each term, and at intervals through the year. The changes made in the curriculum since 1903 have not been of great significance; but in 1916 the course of study was thoroughly discussed in committee and somewhat revised. Dr. Stearns, who believes that Phillips Academy should continue to uphold the "cultural ideals" of education, has vigorously resisted the encroachment of vocational training, and has publicly expressed his antagonism to the "tyranny of the practical."

From the opening of his administration Dr. Stearns showed that it was to be his policy to allow to his staff of teachers the largest possible personal and official freedom. Much of the routine detail is managed by committees the members of which, serving continuously from year to year, become familiar with their particular functions. The increase in the size of the Faculty has been brought about so naturally that few have paused to consider its significance. Dr. Bancroft had seldom over twenty teachers, and the average was about one instructor to twenty-five pupils. Of the forty-one persons who are included in the Faculty to-day, thirty-three have a full schedule of classroom work, an average of approximately one teacher to every sixteen students. The smaller divisions thus made possible give instructors an opportunity to devote more individual attention to each pupil, and, in this way, help to improve the quality of the work done by the school as a whole.

Much has already been said of Dr. Bancroft's endeavor to preserve a permanent faculty. As Dr. Stearns's administration draws to the close of its fifteenth year, there are still among the teachers eleven men who received their appointments under Dr. Bancroft. Twenty-three of the whole number have been connected with the school for five years or more. That it has been possible to retain able instructors as long as this speaks well for Phillips Academy, and shows the loyalty of the staff to the present Principal. The Day bequest in 1913 enabled the Trustees to put into operation a long-delayed plan for substantial increases in the salaries of the teachers. It is rarely nowadays that a really efficient man is allowed to depart because of a lack of sufficient inducements; he is likely to come to the conclusion that the material rewards are reasonably adequate and that the chance to do good in his profession is unexcelled by that in any other institution, even one of collegiate rank.

A fresh organization of religious work in the Academy became necessary with the changes incident to the removal of the Theological Seminary from Andover. In 1907 Mr. Markham W. Stackpole came to Andover as School Minister; and under his and the Principal's guidance an undenominational Academy Church was formed, which includes both students and teachers. At the two services which are held in the Stone Chapel every Sunday, Mr. Stackpole is frequently the preacher; but other clergymen who also appeal especially to young men are often secured. Practical Christianity is exemplified in the labors of the Society of Inquiry, and in the work done by the school at large among the foreigners in the city of Lawrence.

One interesting feature of recent years has been the development of music in connection with other activities. In 1908 Mrs. William C. Egleston presented to the Academy a new organ, in memory of her husband, a member of the class of 1856, and this instrument has been of much aid in training a competent choir. Mr. Stackpole, with Mr. Joseph N. Ashton, a former Director of Music in the school, published Hymns for Schools and Colleges, a book containing hymns suitable for use in Phillips Academy. Under Mr. Carl F. Pfatteicher, the present Director of Music, the choir has been much improved, and several excellent musical entertainments are held annually; Mr. Pfatteicher has been singularly successful in securing the cooperation of residents of the town, and in forming a flourishing choral society.

THE PHILLIPS GATEWAY

PEABODY HOUSE

The progress on which so much stress has been laid has been accompanied by a revival of interest in the early days of Phillips Academy, displayed by a desire to preserve old records and to study ancient traditions. One phase of this movement has taken shape in the establishment of a Founders' Day. The first of these celebrations, held on October 11, 1913, was signalized by the dedication of a memorial tablet placed on the Archaeology Building, near the site of the first Academy. On this occasion the speakers were the Honorable William H. Taft and the Honorable Henry L. Stimson. On the two succeeding Founders' Days exercises were held dedicating the Phillips Gateway and the Peabody House. The Founders' Memorial, read as part of the programme, names in solemn gratitude the benefactors to whom the school owes so much.

Commencement, also, has been assuming increased importance, mainly through the attendance of a larger number of alumni. The "old boys," responding to the efforts which are constantly being made to keep alive their affection for the school, are returning to class reunions and taking part in the festivities. At the annual alumni dinner held in the Borden Gymnasium nearly five hundred covers are laid, and the number increases each year. The same enthusiasm is shown by the Phillips graduates in the larger cities. In New York and Boston from two to three hundred men gather every winter for the Association banquet. Dr. Stearns has taken nearly every year a trip to the West in order to attend alumni gatherings along the route. In even more practical fashion the devotion of Andover men is being displayed in the rapid growth of the Alumni Fund, which, started in 1906, has now become an important element in filling the treasury. To-day about fourteen per cent of the graduates are contributing sums large and small to this cause. In sympathy and loyalty to their school the alumni are united to-day as they never were in times gone by.

Since Principal Stearns took office, there have been a number of changes on the Board of Trustees. Dr. George Harris, at that date President of Amherst College, was elected to the Board in 1902, and, after Judge Bishop's resignation in 1903, was given the latter's place as President. The President since Dr. Harris's retirement in 1908 has been Mr. Alfred L. Ripley, who was first made a Trustee in 1902. Mr. Ripley, who is a graduate of Phillips Academy and of Yale College, is a Boston banker residing in Andover, and has had many connections with the school. Other gentlemen who have been elected to the Board are Professor Clifford H. Moore, of Harvard University (1902); the Honorable Henry L. Stimson, of New York (1905); Elias B. Bishop, Esq., of Boston (1907); Judge John A. Aiken, of Boston (1908); Dr. Frederick T. Murphy, of St. Louis (1908); Mr. Joseph Parsons, of Lakeville, Connecticut (1910); and Mr. Frederick G. Crane, of Dalton, Massachusetts (1912).

Among the factors which have lately been strengthening Phillips Academy no single influence has been more powerful than the attitude of the Board of Trustees as a corporate body towards the school. Not so many years ago the Board was interested primarily in the Theological Seminary and paid comparatively little attention to the Academy. To-day there is on the Board no minister with a parish, and only two of the members, one of them being Dr. Stearns, hold degrees in divinity; while the guidance of the Seminary has passed into other hands. The Trustees now represent business, and the various professions of law, medicine, theology, and education; the result is that their deliberations are marked by tolerance and breadth of vision. Of the men now constituting the Board, twelve are former students of Phillips Academy, and the thirteenth, Professor Moore, has been a teacher there. Every one of them, moreover, is keenly interested in the welfare of the institution, and takes pains to inform himself regarding it. It was not so thirty years ago. The Executive Committee of the Board convenes regularly once a month, and meetings of the entire body are held quarterly. These gatherings are not merely perfunctory sessions, but are filled with active discussion of school problems. In the old days the Principal made an exhaustive annual report; now the Trustees are so familiar with what is going on that they have no need of such a document. It is noticeable, too, that the Trustees keep in touch with the instructors, meet with them frequently in consultation, and attempt to learn their views on Academy matters. The wish of the Trustees individually and collectively to secure and retain the cooperation of the teachers has done much to preserve harmony in the management of Phillips Academy.

In some respects, as we have seen, Dr. Stearns's administration has been crowded with significant events. From another viewpoint, however, the school has gone on so smoothly year after year that the momentous changes have seemed to follow naturally one after the other as logical steps in progress. Dramatic incidents have been singularly lacking. In 1912-13 Dr. Stearns went abroad, leaving the Academy in charge of Professor Charles H. Forbes, and it was never more prosperous than in that year. In the following year Phillips Academy reached a registration of 592, the largest in its history. At this period the Trustees voted to limit the enrollment to approximately 550, on the ground that the present equipment does not justify them in attempting to care for more than that number. In order to carry out this policy it has been necessary to select carefully from the applicants those who are best fitted and who offer the most satisfactory previous records. It has also seemed advisable to restrict considerably the number of boys who come to Phillips Academy for one year only. Even with these limitations the applications in any given year are far more than can be accepted.

The most striking feature of this increase in the size of the student body is, however, the number of different sections of the country which the boys represent. In 1915-16 there were in Phillips Academy young men from thirty-eight States and seven foreign countries, and the situation in this year was not at all unusual. Of the nineteen players who won their "A's" in athletics a year or two ago, eight were from Massachusetts, and the others came, one each, from Maine, New Jersey, Illinois, Tennessee, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Oregon, California, Iowa, and Canada. In this mingling prejudices are softened, provincialisms are forgotten, sectionalism disappears; in such a national school, boys are taught the great lesson that local partisanship must be subordinated to the glory of our country as a whole.

THE story of Phillips Academy has not been one of uniform and continuous prosperity. There have been mistakes and calamities, periods of depression and even of decline. But throughout its existence the men who have moulded its fortunes have been confident of its future. Furthermore they have not deviated from the fundamental theories upon which it was established. Some of the harder and less inspiring aspects of Puritanism have long ceased to be popular on Andover Hill; but the Puritan idealism has never lost its foothold there. So Phillips Academy is now liberal, democratic, and national as it was a century ago.

If there is any danger which lies in wait for Phillips Academy, it is the peril which confronts all old institutions --- that of immovable complacency, of smug satisfaction in the contemplation of a glorious past. It is only too easy to fall back upon the couch of conservatism until, almost without realizing it, one is out of touch with the temper of the age. President Fitch, of Andover Theological Seminary, recently sounded the clarion call when he told Harvard men that it was their obligation to keep their university "perpetually a place of pioneers." His words are so applicable to Phillips Academy that they deserve further quotation: --

We must refuse to be provincials, satisfied with the local, the accredited, the known .... America has the right to expect of us that we shall never sit at ease in Zion, but stand on the firing line of our generation. Intellectual adventure, spiritual plasticity, moral enterprise --- these are the marks of our alma mater.

It is for Andover men, especially those who control the destinies of the institution, to preserve that freshness of spirit, that devotion to a splendid cause, which actuated Samuel Phillips, Jr., in 1778, when, undeterred by coward doubts, he created a new school, as his friend, George Washington, built a new nation.

That same forward vision, that same courage, are in the school to-day. If that standard is maintained, the preeminence of Phillips Academy is assured.