When Phillips Academy was founded in 1778, the Trustees provided only one building for student use----the Carpenter Shop which served as the first classroom. Fortunately, the first group of students were predominantly local residents and lodging did not pose any significant problem. As the number of pupils increased, however, this was no longer the case and the Trustees had to provide room and board for them. They followed the only real solution available to them and began placing the out-of-town students in private homes in the Andover area. This practice proved to be a continual source of trouble until it was abandoned over a century later. Each year at their annual meeting, the Trustees voted on a list of names of those persons licensed to board Academy students; it is clear that they took this responsibility seriously and tolerated no laxity in the rules by the boarding families or individuals.

At the first meeting of the Trustees, held in April 1778, twenty-nine Andover families were licensed to keep students as boarders in their homes. A caveat was also specified by the Trustees that no public house should ever be thus licensed. The approved families recorded in the minutes of this first meeting were:

In August 1781 the Trustees drew up a statement of "Regulations for Families boarding scholars". They assumed that all families boarding scholars would hold family prayers in the morning and evening; the head of the family was expected to see to it that the students attended both sessions. Decency and order were to be observed at meals and no one should sit down until a blessing had been asked. The head of the family was to establish sensible study hours and not allow a student to be out of the house after nine o'clock.

Rules for Sunday were very strict: the students were to attend both morning and afternoon services and spend the rest of the day in "reading the scriptures and in other religious exercises". Nor could they be absent from the house after sunset on Saturday or any time on Sunday. At no time was there to be "fighting, striking, or quarrelling" among the students. If a boy used "profane or obscene language", he was to be rebuked by the family head and, if continued, reported to the Preceptor. The students were to go to bed at a reasonable hour, keep silent after retiring and rise early in the morning for family prayers and "to wash their faces and hands, comb their heads, breakfast with decency and seasonably attend the duties of the Academy". If a student was to be absent in the evening, he was to tell the head of the family where he was going but above all he was to avoid "bad company" or going to any public house. To make sure all these rules were being obeyed, the Preceptor was expected to make regular visits to homes where scholars boarded.

Ten years later the Trustees voted that single ladies could board no more than two students and that no family could board more than six. These constraints were modified in later years to increase the number of boarders allowed.

In the early part of the nineteenth century, Squire Farrar proposed the idea that the Academy should provide dormitories and boarding facilities for at least some of the students. In 1830 the Trustees took the first step in that direction by permitting some of the students to study in their rooms for such periods of the day that the Principal shall direct. Prior to this time all students had to study in Academy Hall in the Main School Building during times when they were not in class.

The next step to be taken was that of providing rooms in Academy buildings where the boys might study. Again, Squire Farrar took the lead in providing those facilities which were to be known as the Latin and English Commons. He was his own architect and managed to create six ugly tenements on what is now the north side of Phillips Street and another six facing them in a line which would now include Draper Cottage. As defined in more detail below, the buildings were all identical three-story, wooden structures, clapboard and boxlike. The available plumbing consisted of one pump outside each row of tenements and a brick privy. The rooms were heated by stoves with each student responsible for providing his own fuel and disposing of his own ashes. The students also had to provide their own furniture and after a few years of tenant-to-tenant transactions, the rooms resembled junk shops. Designed primarily for use by scholarship boys with a room for rent of $1.00 per term, the residents for the most part had to fend for themselves; faculty surveillance was non-existent for several years.

Eating Clubs were established in the late 1840's to provide boarding facilities for at least some of the students. These institutions were student-managed and a so-called caterer was responsible for the purchase of food and collection of money. For example, a Miss Gould did the cooking for the Union Club members and was paid 37-1/2 cents a head per week. The Shawsheen Club was well known to alumni of the mid 1800's. Probably the most famous, or notorious, boarding facility was Maj. Marland's which was located in the present Clement House on School Street.

The inadequacy of the housing and dining facilities for the undergraduate body was recognized as a major problem during Dr. Cecil Bancroft's administration. The Latin and English Commons were proving to be insufficient for the needs of the school and Phillips Academy was lagging far behind other private schools in providing proper facilities. Major Marland's Commons boarding house was a frequent target of attack by students, their parents, unhappy landladies and complaining townspeople --- all were unhappy with the operation of the Commons as well as the boarding house system in general.

In the 1890's the Trustees, in response to high board prices, suggested the use of contracts with the landladies as a regular procedure. They also refused to renew the licenses of three of the ladies --- Mrs. Butterfield's boarding house on School Street close to Abbot Academy was a particularly troublesome house. A major drive was initiated for improved rooming and boarding facilities; launched by Dr. Bancroft it was completed under Dr. Stearns. Four brick cottages were erected in the 1892-93 time frame and a large brick dormitory was added in 1900. Draper Cottage was donated by Warren Draper, Trustee and Treasurer of Abbot Academy and Proprietor of the Andover Press. The residents of Andover followed suit by providing Andover Cottage to the Academy. Melville Day contributed the funds necessary to construct Bancroft and Taylor Cottages (later renamed Eaton and Pemberton Cottages, respectively) in 1892 and 1893 and Bancroft Hall in 1900. These facilities greatly enhanced the rooming capacity of the Academy.

The Brick Academy --- now Bulfinch Hall --- was converted to a Dining Hall in 1902 but it could not accommodate the entire school so the use of boarding houses had to continue. In 1903 the board ranged from $3.50 to $7 a week in the boarding houses and $4.00 a week in the Dining Hall. To permit him to make an accurate, first-hand opinion, Principal Al Stearns partook in Maj. Marland's fare for a week; he prevailed on him thereafter to shape up his operation.

The major boarding houses of the 1893 era were depicted in a collage contained in the first Academy year book, the Masque, published in 1893. (Starting in 1894 this publication was called the Pot Pourri.) This collage, shown here, identifies Ellis's, Blunt House, the Brick House, Cheever House, Hitchcock's and Butterfield's. Many of these are discussed in more detail later in this chapter.

Of the 428 students enrolled in the 1900/01 year, 291 were located in 48 boarding houses; 80 were in the Latin and English Commons, 47 were in the new cottages and 10 were day students. The boys preferred the boarding houses closest to Abbot or on the outskirts of town; they delighted in relentlessly teasing the landladies.

The dormitory facilities were significantly enhanced in 1908 when the Academy acquired the physical assets of the Andover Theological Seminary. Phillips Hall, built by Mme. Phoebe Phillips and her son in 1809, and renamed Foxcroft Hall in 1927 provided on-campus dormitory rooms as did Bartlet Hall, built in 1821 by Wiliam Bartlet. These two buildings were part of the $200,000 real estate transaction executed when the A.T.S. moved to Cambridge, they added rooms for eighty more boys to the Academy assets.

29. Seminary Row --- 1886

30. Part of the West Quadrangle-Adams and Johnson Halls

In 1910 the Trustees' purchase of Williams Hall and its outbuildings enabled the Academy to devote special attention to the younger students --- the Juniors. This self-contained living and dining complex served to ease the first year student's transition to resident school life.

Melville Cox Day continued his philanthropic gestures in the 1911 to 1913 time frame by contributing several more dormitories --- one near the main quadrangle---Day Hall --- and three on the west quadrangle --Bishop, Adams and Taylor Halls. The Academy Trustees added another dormitory, Johnson Hall, to the west quadrangle in 1922 and the Dennis family completed the quadrangle in 1934 with the donation of Rockwell House. All these twentieth century additions are discussed in detail in their respective Quadrant chapter later in this book.

Thomas Cochran's beneficial actions bestowed upon the Academy included one dormitory --- Paul Revere Hall. The construction of this building signaled the final realization of Dr. Cecil Bancroft's dream of housing all the Academy boys in school dormitories. Thomas Cochran's donation of the Commons served to consolidate all dining facilities in one building for all students (except for the Juniors who ate at Williams Hall). Phillips Academy was now truly a self-sufficient institution from all aspects of room and board.

The Andover Plan of the 1950's and 1960's resulted in the development of additional facilities in the Rabbit Pond area as well as the new East Campus across Highland Road. The Elbridge H. Stuart House, also in the Rabbit Pond area was the latest dormitory being completed in 1972. These new facilities were used to implement and foster the cluster concept of residency which has worked well over the years. Some dormitory and cluster assignment changes were made upon the merger of Abbot Academy with Phillips Academy in 1973 --- both for the Abbot dormitories as well as the Phillips residence halls. Reclustering and reassigning of students continues to happen but no additional housing facilities have been required over the past seventeen years.

Latin and English Commons

As mentioned previously the Latin and English Commons were an invention of Squire Farrar designed to provide campus housing for at least some of the Academy students. They were the first buildings erected or purchased by the Trustees in their 50 plus year history which were not for classroom or faculty use. The Seminary had provided dormitories for its students shortly after its founding but the Academy students were forced to live in boarding houses.

The first five Latin Commons buildings were completed by August 1834 and one more was added before the end of the year. The total cost of the twelve Latin and English Commons dormitories was $17,999.11, an average of about $1500 each. The students established occupancy by the autumn 1835 but there were no resident instructors until 1847. The supervision of the boys amounted merely to a perfunctory inspection once a week by a member of the faculty.

32. Latin Commons in 1866

33. Latin Commons and Campus in 1885

Each building was exactly the same in layout and construction. On each of the three floors there were two suites consisting of a study which faced the south and two bedrooms which looked to the north. A coal closet and a clothes closet completed the layout of each suite which measured approximately 13 feet by 9 feet. A narrow spiral stairway furnished the means of access to the two upper floors and also provided some strategic points from which it was easy to throw water on ascending students.

The following "Hints for the Occupants of the Commons" were offered:

No person to occupy or leave a room except with the consent and approbation of the Principal

No Student to use tobacco in Commons, or allow its use by others in his room.

Each entry to be swept twice a week.

Water in all cases to be thrown clear from the house. Ashes to be put in the cellar.

Each Student to take particular care of his fire and lamp on leaving his room, and to be watchful against the improper use of fire about the premises by others.

All wood to be sawed and split out of doors or in the cellars, not in the rooms or entries, or on the doorsteps.

Injuries to rooms or to furniture to be charged to the occupants.

Injuries to houses to be charged to the occupants of the same jointly, when such injuries are not traceable to their authors.

Injuries to outbuildings, fences, or other appurtences, to be charged to the occupants of the Commons jointly when such injuries are not traceable to their authors.

The grounds about the Commons to be kept in neat order by the united care of the occupants.

Keys to rooms to be returned to the Agent at the close of the school year.

Students dissenting from these Rules, or failing to comply with them, forfeit permission to room in the Commons.

The Agent of the Trustees in charge of the premises to see that the several Rules are faithfully and fully observed. Inspection by the Faculty, Friday at 12:30.

The rooms were heated by stoves for which each resident secured his own fuel; and the ashes, sometimes with the glowing embers clearly visible, were usually hurled recklessly down the stairs, regardless of the danger of a conflagration. How the Commons lasted for nearly seventy years with only two destructive fires is an unsolvable mystery.

In January 1849 Latin Commons No. 3 was burned. The fire broke out at about 10:00 on a Tuesday morning and by 2:00 P.M. the building was burnt to the ground. It caught in the upper story --- in a wood closet through which the pipe passes to the chimney. Most of the boys were at recitation so it had ample opportunity to spread. All of the students' possessions were saved except those of a boy who was absent. Another fire was experienced later in the century in Latin Commons No. 6. This dormitory, where the PAE Secret Society had been founded in the late 1870's was completely gutted.

Reminiscences recorded by George H. Cross, Class of 1872, defined a personal impression of the Commons buildings:

"They were all alike, little three-story structures painted a sad drab, ugly in architecture, beautiful in summer in the shade of splendid maples and horse chestnuts. In the lower story a wide door with side lights opened into a tiny entry in the centre of each building; steep, winding stairs led to the two entries above. On either side of the entry on each side was a living room or study for two boys; back of the living room two tiny bedrooms; under the stairs in the hall a large closet for fuel. Bathrooms there were none. We of Latin Commons brought our water supply in pitchers from a pump at the east end of the row of buildings. We made our beds and swept our rooms with a thoroughness varying with the habits of the occupants. The entries and stairs for the most part cared for themselves."

In spite of its crudeness, life in the Commons must have afforded considerable pleasure to the boys. It is seldom that any graduate who once lived there speaks of them with anything but affection and there was a wide spread protest when they were torn down or moved away. A January 28, 1888, "Phillipian" article reminded those who were disposed to grumble that the dormitories were never intended for those who have money enough for better rooms.

The Latin Commons were torn down after the Archaeological Museum was built in 1903. Two of the buildings were moved to downtown Andover to an area behind Punchard High School but were razed shortly thereafter.

The English Commons dormitories were erected shortly after the Latin Commons but on the north side of the playing field located on the Old Campus. Where the Latin Commons had originally been intended to house the students of the Classical or Latin Department, the English Commons were intended for the students of the English or Scientific Department. Constructed to the same plans as the Latin Commons, the English Commons evinced the same comments, remarks and nostalgic memories in its residents. All boarders of both sets of Commons were required for many years to labor two hours a day on the adjacent farm on Phillips Street or on the farm at the end of Chapel Avenue.

The water of the English Commons well was declared unfit for use in October 1879; there does not appear to be any timely replacement and the boys apparently had to use the Latin Commons well. In the summer of 1887, a new pump was installed near the Marland House for the benefit of students in English Commons.

Undoubtedly an exaggeration, "The Phillipian" reported in November 1888 that "the cost of the glass broken in English Commons every year is more than the whole row of houses is worth. A year later it was reported that between 150 and 175 panes had been broken so far that term. The administration responded to this challenge and instituted methods to deter vandals.

English Commons also had its share of conflagrations but none were as serious as those experienced by its companion row of dormitories. In February 1889, a fire occurred in English Commons 5.1. One of the fellows in the second story threw some hot ashes out of the window. The windows on the ground floor being open allowed some of these ashes to blow in and the tapestry near the windows ignited. The fire was extinguished before any extensive damage was done.

English Commons No. 1 had a narrow escape from fire in January 1890. About a gallon of oil leaked out of a large can which sat in the upper hall of the house and had run over the floor and a door mat. A carelessly thrown match set fire to the mat and in a second the whole hall was a blaze. The fire on top of the floor was quickly extinguished but it was discovered that it was burning under the floor. A bucket brigade was formed and by cutting through the floor in two or three places

with an axe, they were able to get to the fire and put it out.

English Commons No. 2 was replaced by Draper Cottage in 1893 and by 1906 the five remaining English Commons buildings had all been sold to be torn down. One of them, the last to be disposed of, was moved on rollers across the Old Campus to a new location on Highland Road. It was used there as a tenement house for many years; it was razed in 1988.

"COMMONS" BOARDING HOUSES

Throughout the nineteenth century the subject of boarding house dining was a ready source for debate and predominately non-complimentary reviews and assessments. Even today the "thing to do" is to deride the meals of the Commons but the written words regarding the meals at the Shawsheen Club and Major Marland's were deeply cutting and harsh. The documentation sources of these comments such as "The Phillipian" might be considered biased and outspoken but one cannot discount the basic problems which must have existed. The primary area of concern was the quality of the food and services provided by the dining hall or boarding house for the boys who lived in the Latin and English Commons.

One of the first central dining houses or Commons was the Union Club, it was also referred to as Chocolate Hall. It was kept in the farmhouse which was then located on the southeast corner of Main and Phillips Streets. This complex, built by Judge Phillips before 1790, was operated as a store and farmhouse by Jacob Abbot from 1791 to 1797. It later passed under the supervision of Joseph Phelps, then Deacon Holbrook Chandler. The photo shown here demonstrates the interminable line of barns and sheds and stables which stretched out along Phillips Street. This facility served for many years as the Commons for the Academy students as well as a Country Store and dairy farm to supply the boys with milk. The entire complex .was moved to the north side of Morton Street in 1880 to make room for Tucker House. Unfortunately, there are no significant commentaries available on the quality of this boarding house's fare --- favorable or unfavorable.

Records of the 1860's show that two other eating clubs were in existence--- the Crescent Club and the Mutual Club. The Mutual Club was started in 1865 and only survived for three years; when it demised "No eye moistened in her behalf."

Listings of the Crescent Club were replaced by those of the Shawshine, or Shawsheen, Club in the spring of 1874 ---perhaps one succeeded the other. This Club was housed in the old Abbot House located on Phillips Street just west of the Latin Commons site. It apparently came into being about the time that the Latin and English Commons were constructed. The house itself had been bought by Samuel Phillips, Jr., and John Phillips in 1777 and the former moved in at once. It was here that the Constitution of Phillips Academy was signed on April 21, 1778. Judge Phillips gave up this residence so it could be used by the first Academy principal, Eliphalet Pearson. His successors, Ebenezer Pemberton and Mark Newman, also resided there until 1807. It had fallen into a state of disrepair and following reconstruction in 1807 it was used as a residence for Dr. Leonard Woods and as the Andover Theological Seminary lecture hall for two years until Phillips Hall was built.

This edifice then degenerated into a boarding place for Academy students and was managed by various proprietors --- good, bad and indifferent; the last of these was Maj. Marland. For years it was known as the Shawsheen, or Shawshine, Club and the food, although abundant, was reportedly not enticing.

Reminiscences of this eating club have been recorded by a member of the Class of 1872:

"managed by boys in a democratic and efficient way without any manifest supervision by the Faculty. The officers of the club were a President, Vice President and Secretary who constitute a board of administration. The Secretary was also steward and purchased all the supplies. At the first meal of the term the board of administration submitted a menu for 21 meals which was usually accepted by the members but subject to future constant and vexatious revision.

"Three long tables ran the length of the eating room; at the first sat seniors, at the second the middlers. On the north side of the room were disposed the humble juniors. At the head of the middle table the President endeavoured to maintain order and dignity, in which effort he was generally sustained by the sentiment of the club."

An article in the November 16, 1878, issue of "The Phillipian" provides a vivid, although possibly biased, description of the Club and its fare:

"One of the most important features of this school is that much-abused institution, the Shawshine Club. It enables those students, who find it necessary or convenient to economize, an opportunity of pursuing their studies in the Academy on a much smaller income than they could if it were not in existence. The table is not a luxurious one, but now and then --- whenever the club is properly conducted --- it affords a tolerably endurable bill of fare... The quality of provisions is generally good and the quantity amply sufficient to meet the requirements of the members. The chief difficulty has always been in the cooking. A change in the occupants of the clubhouse was made a year or two ago, and, as was for a time supposed, for the better... The last manifestation which we have learned of is the apparent determination of the present incumbents to cook what they choose to cook and to leave uncooked what they do not choose to cook --- the bill of fare proposed by the club's executives to the contrary notwithstanding... The price paid per capitum for cooking at the Shawshine Club is higher than in many other institutions of the kind. It is high enough to afford a good profit, and good profit is all that is necessary to get a good cook."

The "Mirror" of December 1878 documented for posterity the Bill of Fare at the Shawshine Club. Many of the articles in that particular bill were so revolu

tionary as to cause rebellion in the kitchen and indignation in the dining room. It is repeated here for clarification of the eating conditions at that time.

There was a slight fire in the building in late October 1879 which attracted quite a crowd but the loss was only reported at $20 to $30. By December 1889 it was no longer safe to use the floors of the building and the Trustees, who were unwilling to assume any further responsibility, had it torn down.

A New Dining Hall was proposed in 1887; $20,000 was required to execute the architect's plans which were provided to the Trustees. It was to be located on the west side of the Old Campus, equidistant from the English and Latin Commons. The proposed building was to include a "noble" dining room on the main floor which would seat 75 persons and a smaller dining room which could be used for many different purposes. There was also a vestibule, an ample entrance room and a waiting room which could be fitted up as a reading room. A toilet room, pantries, closets, apartments for the family in charge and the kitchen accounted for the remaining space on the main floor. The second floor was to provide for a suite of rooms --- study, bed room and bath room --- for a teacher at one end and apartments for the household at the other. The basement was to be used for the heating facilities, abundant cellars, store rooms and a laundry. It was to be a building which would brighten the self-respect of every boy practicing economy and which would have about it the air of comfort and good cheer. Unfortunately, this vision never materialized and the New Dining Hall never got off the drawing board.

40. Proposed New Dining Hall --- 1887

41. Proposed New Dining Hall --- 1890

Major Marland's Commons boarding house was operated in what is now known as Clement House. The edifice itself was built in the early 1800's and deeded to the Academy Trustees by Jonathan Clement in 1829. Oliver Wendell Holmes never forgot a beating that Clement once gave him with a hickory stick. In the 1860's a Mrs. Noyes and her daughter rented the building and took in students to board. In 1886 it was remodelled as a Commons boarding house and Major William Marland was placed in charge. The fixed rate beginning in 1887 was $3.00 per week for board; a limited number of students were also roomed at a rate of $3.00 to $4.00 a week which included steam heat, lights and ordinary service.

A set of printed regulations dated 1892 provides a good insight into the "tight ship" which Major Marland ran:

The premises in which the Dining Hall is located are under the direct control of the Proprietor. The conduct of students in and about them must be that of gentlemen.

Seats are assigned subject to change; the higher classes receiving the first choice.

Students desiring seats for friends temporarily in town will give notice to the management.

Those who are ill can send for their meals. Dishes are provided for the same, but no silver or cutlery.

Napkins are not provided. (1895 adder)

The board, although plain, is wholesome, nutritious and substantial.

Students cannot be admitted to the Dining Hall after the hour of closing, when the first gong will be struck. Those already in the Hall can remain ten minutes, when a second gong will be struck.

Students leaving school before the close of the term must notify the proprietor immediately, or board will be charged until notice is given.

Vacation board must be engaged not later than the last Saturday of each term.

Board for the college examinations is by private arrangement, and without extra charge.

Later in the 1890's the food became so poor one winter night that the boys rioted, overturned the tables, went outside and threw crusts of snow through the window glass. Following that outburst a Faculty member was assigned to eat in Major Marland's Commons as a food censor.

This facility was phased out as a Commons boarding house following conversion of Bulfinch Hall to a Dining Hall. It was used, however, as a dorm for boys of limited means after the English Commons were torn down in 1906. It has continued as a dormitory throughout the twentieth century.

Early Boarding Houses

Many of the earlier boarding houses were the residences of townspeople and not primarily run for the housing of Academy students. Consequently, most were not owned by the Academy Trustees and hold no special significance from a physical plant standpoint. Certain other houses, however, have passed down through the years as school property and continue as dormitories or Faculty residences today. The collage shown earlier serves as an excellent summary of the key boarding houses of the nineteenth century which should be discussed.

Ellis House, located on the southeast corner of Main and Morton Streets, was originally built for Dr. Aaron Green. It was later owned by Nathan Ellis, a painter, and Academy boys were boarded there from 1848 to 1917. In addition to the boarding of students, Nathan Ellis' daughters, Ellen and Elizabeth, carried on a Dame School for girls. This edifice reverted to private ownership for some time as an apartment building and now serves as the dormitory for the A.B.C. (A Better Chance) organization.

Blunt House, now known as America House on the west side of the Main Street hill, was built in 1825. It served as a boarding house for A.T.S. students and it was in the northeast front room, first floor, that Samuel Francis Smith wrote "America" in February 1832. Mrs. Hutchings was the proprietor at that time. She was followed by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Blunt and then, after the turn of the century, Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Clark. A serious fire did quite a bit of damage on the night of July 14, 1884, because of the scarcity of water. By September of that year the building had been repaired and rebuilt as the three story French roof house which now stands on that site.

Brown's Cafe had been known as Mr. Shaw's House earlier in the century. It was run by a Mr. Clark in 1896 and does not appear in the catalog of 1897. The building itself remains as the present day Frost House on Highland Road.

Eastman House, located on the Highland Road extension toward the gym, was run as a boarding house from 1892 to 1897. It was taken over by the Trustees in 1906 for use as a dormitory and is now used as a Faculty residence.

The Brick House was built in 1832 on the site where the Phillips Memorial Gateway is presently located. It served as a printing house and book store from 1832 to the 1860's when Warren F. Draper moved the business to the center of town.

Following that time the building served as a boarding house; it was here that one of the early Secret Societies, ODA, was formed in the 1870's. The Brick House Society was later formed by Mr. George Hinman, resident instructor, in 1907 to strengthen social and friendly relations. The Trustees took over the ownership of this building in 1908 and it was torn down in the summer of 1912.

Cheever House previously stood at the intersection of Main and School Streets. It had been constructed in the 1840's by amateur builders who did a poor job. Contractors later found that often the rafters did not meet the side supports and the front supports did not run the full width of the floor. The exterior of the house, however, was a beautiful example of Colonial architecture. It was purchased from Henry Gray in 1853 and was the bookstore of William Pierce later in that decade. It became the home of Misses Ella T. and Minnie S. Cheever who, for a time, carried on a Dame School for girls. Their primary use for the house, however, was as a boarding house for the Academy boys. Miss Ella died in the summer of 1923 and the dwelling reverted to Phillips Academy use. It was maintained as a school house with a resident instructor. Serving as a dorm for several years, it was found unsafe in 1978 and was razed during the summer of 1981 as the cost of restoration was not cost effective.

Butterfield's was operated out of the dwelling presently located just north of the former KOA Society House on School Street. This boarding house developed quite a reputation and was in great demand because it was so close to Abbot Academy.

Hitchcock's, located on Phillips Street, had previously been run as a boarding house by Mrs. C. C. Merrill. By 1896 the operation was taken over by Mr. Roberts and then went back to Mrs. Hitchcock the following year. Shortly after the turn of the century this building was identified by the name it uses today --- Farrar House.

The Cottages

The Bancroft, Andover, Taylor and Draper Cottages, built between 1891 and 1893, were the first installment in Principal Cecil Bancroft's plan to house all the Academy boys in school dormitories. The first three were clustered on the south side of Phillips Street across from the Latin Commons; Draper Cottage was placed on the site of the second English Commons building. The Trustees decided that these new buildings should be income-producing with that income being used first for maintenance of the buildings, second to help pay the annuities and third to provide help for needy students. The prices were as follows:

For a double suite, each boy	$80.00
For a double suite in Draper	40.00
For a single suite in Bancroft	100.00
For a single room in Bancroft or Andover	35.00 to 45.00

It is obvious that at these prices no scholarship boys would be living in the cottages when the rent of a Commons room was $5.00 a term. As the school catalog stated the cottages were part of a plan "to replace, as fast as funds are provided for the purpose, the present Latin and English Commons with modern buildings, as favorable as possible to the best student life".

Bancroft Cottage, a gift of Melville Cox Day in 1892, was completed in the winter of 1892-3. It was of old colonial style with a one-story gambrel roof. The entrance was from a large square porch with high seats on each side and led into a large frail. Rooms on the first floor were patterned after Taylor Cottage. On the second floor the teacher's suite was in the northeast corner together with the hall bedroom. Behind the professor's study were two rooms, a study and a bedroom for a single boy. On the third floor the hall and bedroom were given to the janitor. The crowning feature of these rooms was that the window looking towards the east had a deep window seat with a bookcase and cupboard on either side.

When Bancroft Hall was completed in 1901, the name of this building was changed to Eaton Cottage in memory of James S. Eaton, teacher at Phillips Academy from 1847 to 1866.

Andover Cottage was made possible by contributions given by Andover townspeople during a campaign led by Miss Emily Carter. At a mass meeting held on May 21, 1891, shortly after articles appeared in the "Andover Townsman" on the need for dormitories at the Academy, Miss Carter announced she had already collected $1600 towards a cottage and before the meeting was over, she had about $7000.

Ground was broken in May 1892 and the completed building was opened for inspection in January 1893. The architect was A. W. Longfellow of Boston and the contractor was C. B. Mason. The final cost was about $9000.

"The building is situated on an elevated knoll and presents a commanding appearance. Its architecture is more pleasing than that of the other cottages and its rooms are considered the most attractive. The structure is built of brick having granite trimmings. An arched entrance opens into a spacious hall from which one ascends a broad staircase to the rooms above. The inside finish is in hard polished pine. Each room is provided with an open fire-place as in the other cottages. The building is heated by steam. The characteristics of the Andover cottage are its roominess and its light."

Taylor Cottage, also donated by Melville Cox Day, was named for Prof. John Phelps Taylor. Although construction started in 1891, the building was not completed until April 1893. It also was built of red brick with white trimmings and is almost square in shape. There is a small white portico at the entrance with stone steps leading to the front door. The building is three stories high with an attic and cellar as well as rooms for ten students and a teacher. Each room was heated by a coil of hot water pipes which was placed in the walls so no room space was taken up. These hot water heaters could be changed into steam heaters in extreme weather. The heating system, a special feature of the building, was called an indirect radiation system and combined ventilation with the heating.

This cottage was renamed Pemberton Cottage in 1914 when Taylor Hall was completed; Ebenezer Pemberton was the second principal of the Academy. It was moved in 1928 from its as-constructed site near Phillips Street to its present position closer to Isham Infirmary and in line with Andover and Eaton Cottages. This move was accomplished to complete the Vista.

55. Draper Cottage and English Commons

56. Draper Cottage

Draper Cottage was donated in 1891 by Warren F. Draper on the condition that an annuity be paid to his wife until her death (which occurred in 1916). It was located on the site of the second English Commons building and was ready for occupancy in September 1893. The architect was A. W. Longfellow of Boston. Built on a plan similar to Taylor Cottage, Draper Cottage was three stories high having five double suites for students and one for a teacher. The rooms were finished off with large open fireplaces. The cottage was not warmed by furnace nor by steam, a fact which accounted for the lower rent. There was a series of lockers, partitioned off for each room, in the attic. The basement was outfitted with baths and closets.

Although these four cottages only housed about 44 students, they did mark the initial move toward replacement of the boarding houses with Academy residence halls.